Overview

Contact dermatitis is a red, itchy rash caused by direct skin contact with an irritant or allergen. Two types: irritant contact dermatitis (chemicals, frequent handwashing) and allergic contact dermatitis (immune reaction to nickel, fragrances, latex). Not contagious.

Symptoms

• Red rash, sometimes with blisters that weep or crust
• Intense itching, burning, or stinging
• Dry, cracked or scaly skin
• Rash appears only where skin touched the trigger
• In Kuwait: perfumes, black henna (PPD), nickel jewellery, and cleaning products are common culprits

Causes & Risk Factors

• Irritants: harsh soaps, detergents, solvents, prolonged water contact
• Allergens: nickel, fragrances, preservatives, rubber/latex, hair dye (PPD)
• Black henna tattoos — a significant PPD allergy source in the GCC

Complications

• Skin infections from scratching
• Chronic eczema with repeated exposure
• Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation — common and pronounced in darker GCC skin tones

Diagnosis

Physical exam and history. Patch testing is the gold standard for identifying specific allergens. Skin biopsy in uncertain cases.

Treatment

• Identify and avoid the trigger — the most important step
• Topical corticosteroids and antihistamines for relief
• Cool compresses; moisturisers to repair skin barrier

Prevention

• Confirm triggers via patch testing and avoid them
• Wear gloves when handling chemicals or cleaning products
• Choose fragrance-free, hypoallergenic skincare products
• Be cautious with black henna tattoos containing PPD

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