Overview

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths of smooth muscle and connective tissue in or around the uterus. They affect up to 70% of women by age 50. Many cause no symptoms; others significantly affect menstrual health, fertility, and quality of life.

Symptoms

• Heavy menstrual bleeding — can cause anaemia
• Prolonged periods (more than 7 days)
• Pelvic pressure or pain
• Frequent urination or bowel difficulty
• Back or leg pain
• Infertility or recurrent miscarriage
• Many fibroids cause no symptoms at all

Causes & Risk Factors

• Oestrogen and progesterone stimulate growth
• Genetics — family history increases risk
• African heritage — more frequent, earlier onset
• Obesity and vitamin D deficiency

Complications

• Iron deficiency anaemia
• Infertility — submucosal fibroids reduce implantation rates
• Recurrent pregnancy loss
• Obstetric complications — preterm labour, higher caesarean rates

Diagnosis

• Pelvic ultrasound — primary imaging tool
• Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS)
• MRI — for detailed surgical planning
• Hysteroscopy — direct visualisation of uterine cavity

Treatment

• Watchful waiting — for small, symptom-free fibroids
• Hormonal medications — reduce bleeding
• GnRH agonists — temporarily shrink fibroids pre-surgery
• Myomectomy — surgical removal preserving the uterus; preferred for fertility
• Hysterectomy — definitive cure; ends ability to bear children
• IVF alongside surgical management when needed

Struggling with heavy periods or pelvic pain? Book a consultation today